E-Marketing Strategy

E-marketing is an effective tool to establish and strength the corporate brand image. The brand relation can be strengthened by online presence (through website and services) with an aim to retain the customers and eliminate the price factor. More and more people are using net which is creating great potential for online business. A brand expressed the hopes and expectations of customers. The online presence of an established brand also requires such criterions where customers expect some thing different than every day website. For an well known brand, it is not just dumping information online, but establishing communication, telling the visitors clearly; what is company about and what it stand for? Pepsi is successful in conveying that image. Its website www. pepsi. com is filled with many innovative features to capture the attention of visitors. The E-marketing strategy is based on the similar principals as traditional marketing 4P’s (Product, Price, Promotion and Position); however online marketing needs some additional P’s (People, Process, and Proof). E-marketing is the extended form of traditional marketing requiring the synthesis of the following factors; Personalization, Privacy and Security, Customer Service, Site, Sales Promotion. These functions allow managers to further their businesses online. (a) Personalization The basic concept behind the personalization is to understand a certain customer and establish relation. Thus the vital issue is to gather information about customer and then develop personalized products and services. For example Amazon asks the customers to make an account; where customer provides information about themselves. Based on this customer information, every time a customer logs in, products related to customer interests automatically pops up. This strategy works two ways; it allows the marketers to target individuals on personal level; and on the other hand it allows individual customers to go no further, but find product right in front of their eyes. (b) Privacy and Security Privacy is related to personalization. When businesses gathers information and store this customer information; the crucial issue is to make it safe. A major task of e-marketing strategy is to develop policy or guide lines for gathering information and keep this information private and confidential. Another crucial issue is security. Any transaction performed on the websites becomes the responsibly of the business and to ensure that no outsider is able to access the information. Thus a wise marketer will convey clear and convincing the customers that their provided data is safe hands. (c) Customer Service Like any traditional business, customer service is an essential part of e-business. Good customer service is a key to gain loyalty form the customers. Compared to traditional service online shoppers can come from anywhere in the world with different time zones; providing 24/7 customer service in crucial. One example is precisionreservation. com which provides online (hotel) booking to travelers. The booking is done automatically, while the copy of booking is sent via email. In case of any question, live support is available 24/7 through online customer service. Such excellent strategy allows the customers service to reach customers in real-time. d) Site E-marketing interaction takes place online on digital location which is called site. This location /site have to be available 24/7 and should have the infrastructure to support the number of visitors it receives each day. For any online business, the name should be very clear and should not be confused with any other name. The site should not have any resemblance to any other brand or any other business which makes t he customers confused. Any such resemblance is considered unethical practice and has severe consequences. Another issue is scalability; Amazon receives million of visitors with hundreds of orders each day. Amazon is able to meet the growing number of customers orders as its website has the vital infrastructure for its growing number of customers. (e) Promotions In any effective marketing campaigns, sales promotions are crucial. While developing an e-marketing strategy it is essential to develop online sales promotions targeted at shoppers. The target of any promotion is not long term sales, but achieving immediate goals (in term of volumes). Other than traditional methods; such as discount marketing manger needs to understand the latest technology well enough to exploit it. For example; doing promotions through RSS, which instead of news letter provides almost live data on day- to- day basis. It is very easy for online shoppers to compare the price before they make purchase; which makes it inevitable to check the competitors prices and promotions before starting any campaign. Conclusion For companies who already have established brands need to reach to the online consumers through consistent advertising to enhance their corporate image. One easy way is use the search engines; such as Yahoo and Google who offer relevant add with the queries surfers are seeking. This strategy helps in reaching old and new customers more effectively rather than waiting for customers. E-marketing needs new dimension to be considered compared with traditional marketing, even though e-marketing is evolved from traditional marketing. However such concepts revolve around the principal where customer and business can reach each other in a meaningful way.

Critical Thinking Paul and Elder

Without reading the assigned chapter, and just looking at the stages of development of critical thinking, I immediately labeled myself as a practicing thinker. However, after reading chapter two of Paul and Elder Critical Thinking, I realized I was not even close to being a practicing thinker. Paul and Elder list these stages: Stage One: The Unreflective Thinker (we are unaware of significant problems in our thinking) Stage Two: The Challenged Thinker (we become aware of problems in our thinking) Stage Three: The Beginning Thinker (we try to improve but without regular practice) Stage Four: The Practicing Thinker (we recognize the necessity of regular practice) Stage Five: The Advanced Thinker (we advance in accordance with our practice) Stage Six: The Master Thinker (skilled and insightful thinking become second nature to us) Difficult as it was to admit, I was compelled to place my critical thinking ability at stage one: The unreflective thinker. Prior to reading this chapter, I was not aware of any significant problems in my thinking. I did not realize that I was continually making assumptions, forming concepts, drawing inferences, and thinking within points of view. My judgment of people as bad or good, based on my moral upbringing, further confirmed me as the unreflective thinker. Also, never having seriously questioned my thinking or its implications. Having made the decision to grow and develop as a thinker, my goals now include, making better decision through critical thinking and creative problem solving, and presenting my ideas clearly and concisely. I also realize that critical thinking is a skill that is learned and requires practice. Having these realizations, I can now move on to the Challenged Thinker stage. Paul and Elder note that â€Å"we have great capacity. But most of it is dormant; most is undeveloped. Improvement in thinking is like improvement in basketball, in ballet, or in playing the saxophone. It is unlikely to take place in the absence of a conscious commitment to learn. As long as we take our thinking for granted, we don’t do the work required for improvement. †

Beauty of a Woman

Great controversy has surrounded women during this generation regarding the idea of beauty. It seems to be a preconceived notion to many people in America today that women of today’s’ standards are far more revealing and outgoing than that of yesteryear. Women in the past were more conservative and caring as to the way they looked and acted. The question remains, are these ideas accurate, and if so, is this a more desirable way for a woman to be? Young girls of today look to role models such as Britney Spears, Paris Hilton, and Lindsey Lohan for beauty.If this is the gauge in which standards are set, it is done so poorly. These young women have come to fame at an early age and seem to try to defy any sense of discretion or modesty that they have. They wear revealing clothes, if anything at all, and behave rudely and carelessly in public places. Other role models of today’s society strive to be perfect, no matter the cost. Actresses such as Mary-Kate Olsen and Nic ole Richey have both reportedly been treated for eating disorders, all at the cost of a perfect body.Women of today are repeatedly receiving messages that one must be thin and beautiful to be worthy of attention. Media is constantly telling women of these things through ads, articles, commercials, and movies. It is easy to believe that women who lived in the 1950’s had it easy, in the regard to the pressures to be thin and attractive. According to The Feminine Mystique, a book written in 1963 by Betty Freidman, some of these cliches of women in the 1950’s is not necessarily true.First of all, women in the 50’s were starving themselves to fit into the department store dresses. One shopper was quoted as saying, â€Å"Women are out to fit the clothes, not visa-versa. † It was reported that women were three to four dress sizes smaller in the 1950’s than they were in 1939. Women from the 1950’s were dying in hospitals for refusing cancer treatmen ts because the side affects were â€Å"unfeminine. † The beauty of a woman is not solely related to the way she looks. Beauty comes from within, as well.Are women of today more beautiful than that of days gone by? Women in this era, who have been freed by the Women’s Liberation Movement of the 1970’s, seem to have no qualms about maintaining a career and a family. Many of the women of today seem to have it all – the American Dream perhaps. Some feel that the women of today are happier than ever before. Delving deeper into this ideal raises the notion that perhaps women feel more alone today than in the past. They struggle with feelings of guilt and anxiety regarding childcare and divided family time.Perhaps women of today wish times could be simpler, like they were in the 1950’s. Women of the 50’s also argued that they were living the American Dream. The suburban housewife – she was the dream image of the young American women and the envy, it was said, of women all over the world. (Friedan, 2). However, these suburban housewives stopped attending college, began getting married in their teens, and seemed to forget their place as women in society, instead replacing that role with that of a housewife. A woman in the 1950’s cared deeply about the way that they looked.They insisted their homes are kept up, that their children be presentable, and that everything had the appearance of perfection in their lives. A woman of today also cares deeply about the way she looks. They also desire that their homes be kept up, their children presentable, and everything appears perfect within their lives. However, all of these things are just that – the appearance of something. Deep down, women in the 1950’s felt very isolated and dissatisfied. Many had dreams and desires that had somehow been oppressed for years.Somewhere along the way, they were told that their true identities no longer mattered. Instead, the y must look the way television or a magazine tells them to look. They should do what the media tells them to do and nothing more. Somehow, a woman in the 1950’s bought into these ideas and became mindless to it. The women of today may also feel dissatisfied and isolated. Perhaps, the women of today are also living in the shadows of what the media tells them to do. Women go to college, get six figure incomes, and strive to get ahead no matter what the cost.The women of today are no different that those of days gone by. The only thing that has changed is the issue which is oppressing them. To conclude, the women of the 50’s were incredibly beautiful, as are the women of today. The women of days gone by cared just as much of her appearance as the women of today. Women continue to have the same social and personal issues today that affected them fifty years ago. Women have come a long way in some regards, and are still so far behind in others. References Friedan, Betty. Th e Feminine Mystique. 1963. http://us. history. wisc. edu

Rehab Centers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rehab Centers - Essay Example Drug and alcohol rehab programs are beneficial for the addicts in many ways through which individuals can not only become complete again but can live their lives to its fullest without any support from drugs or alcohol. Drug rehabs have three benefits that can be categorized as physical, emotional and mental. Drug addicts do a great harm to their physical being as they become weak internally and externally. The drug rehab programs can help them in letting go of their need of drugs which can help them recover internally such as better food digestion which can lead to becoming strong externally as well. It is also commonly seen that many individuals take drugs to hide their emotions. Drug rehab programs can help them to get in touch with those feelings and emotions although the journey is difficult but as the time progresses these individuals can again feel happy, and friendly that can heal them from the inside. The greatest benefit that rehab program can offer an individual is the peace of mind. Certain drugs are very harmful to the mind causing increased levels of anxiety and paranoia in them because of which they cannot think clearly. Rehab centers can help in overcoming this through their treatme nt programs and help them function better mentally such as making logical decisions and seeing things differently as opposed to drug addict view. Like the drug rehab centers, alcohol rehab centers can also help the individuals with alcoholism. The first benefit is that choice of choosing your own program: inpatient or outpatient program, depending on the severity of the problem. Mostly people opt for inpatient programs as they can get support at every point giving them more hope of getting rid of the problem. The second benefit of the alcohol rehab programs is the socialization of individuals with others like themselves who are in the same position giving them more support and strength to

The Waldorf Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Waldorf Property - Essay Example The strands are then hardened using cold air and then passed through the draw twister which reduces the diameter of the strands making them resistance to break. The strands are finally packed by hand in a special container. The problem faced by the firm include the breakdown of the draw twisting machine that can only be allocated 1,000 hours and this means that it can only produce only a third of its capacity, the other problem is that the competitor need to be informed about the hire of the spinning machine as soon as possible. The other problem is that there is need to allocate more spinning hours to denier 44/10sd due to its increasing demand. Finally the marketing department fore see an increase in the price for denier 84/21fd by 25% The industry seem to have idle capacity as indicated by the possibility of hiring a spinning machine, the price of the products they produce also seem to fluctuate by a large margin especially the denier 15/1g. The industry is a perfect competitive market in that prices are determined by demand and supply this is evident in the memorandum by the assistance manager to increase production of 44/10sd due to increasing demand for the product. The company makes decisions at the beginni... If we are to compare the two deniers the 15/1g denier is more profitable than the 84/21fd denier, this can be mathematically proven by the Aprils production as follows 15/1g 84/21fd Production in kgs 4,200 9,600 Variable cost 88 74 Total cost 369600 710400 Market price 178 124 Total revenue 747600 1,190400 Profit 378000 480000 Profit per kg 90 50 Possible Decision Alternatives: The company should hire the excess capacity for the spinning stage, this will ensure that the right quantities of its products are produced, and there should also be an increase in the production of 84/21fd denier whose price is expected to rise and also in the production of the denier 44/10sd. Evaluation of alternatives: If the company produces more of denier 84/21 which is less profitable, it may not maximize its profits, the reason being this denier spends more time in the draw twisting machine, this is seen where only 12kgs of the 84/21fd are produced per hour in the draw twisting machine as compared to 15 kgs of 15/1g produced per hour, therefore by producing more of the 84/21fd will minimize profits in that this denier is less

Google Adwords Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Google Adwords - Coursework Example A person can search for keywords using a word or a phrase, a website or a category. As an example suppose we are making an ad campaign for mobiles , then the word mobile sales can be used as an input in the word or phrase column to get information about possible keywords ; the website column can be used to get suggested keywords by entering our own website in the column or the website of a competitor. Category column usually gives many weird suggestions but can be a good starting point if we are not aware of what keywords to use or if the company does not has a website of its own. It can work as a starting point .In this tool we also have the advanced filters option which can be used to filter keywords based on the country we are targeting, the language spoken by the target market and whether the application is visible on desktop or mobile. Ad words Preview and Diagnosis Tool This tool can be used to see how the ad is being displayed by Google. It can be used to preview the ad and so lve any problems with the display (Moss, 2009). This tool can be used to see the display of the ad in various geographical locations. This tool functioning requires us to enter the term for which search results are to be seen , the domain(country) , the language , location and the devices (mobile or desktop) where we want to see our ads. For e.g. we want to see our English language advertisement regarding mobile sales in USA, New York city on mobile devices. So we enter all this information and Google will show us a preview of our ad and will also information us if the ad is not visible. This tool helps us to solve any problems with the ad campaign and helps to increase it reach. 2) What more advanced tools exist? Where did you access them and which ones did you try? The other advanced tools which are available in Ad words are change history, Conversions, Google analytics, Website Optimizer, Traffic Estimator, Placement Tool and Contextual Targeting tool. These tools are visible whe n we make a Google account and sign in to ad words using this account. All these tools are visible in the Tools and analysis tab. I tried my hand at all of these tools. 3) Which tools did you find most useful and why? The tools which I found the most useful were the traffic estimator tool and the placement tool. The placement tool helps us to place ads on the Google display network which helps us to place banner ads on a number of sites which are either owned by Google or third party sites. Banner ads are usually more effective in reaching the target customers and this tool helps us to make and place banner ads. The other useful tool is the traffic estimator tool. This is very useful tool which can help the advertiser know about the expected traffic for their ads and the amount of money the advertisement is going to cost them. With the help of this tool we come to know of the cost per click, estimated daily clicks and the estimated daily cost of placing the ad on Google. 3) What cri teria would you adopt to evaluate the success of your campaign? How would you characterise success for this campaign, either in terms of click-through rate (CTR) and Return on Investment (ROI)? I will use the Return on Investment criteria in order to gauge the success of the campaign. In order to justify the use of this criterion, I will first explain both Click Through rate and Return on investment method and though show which one is

Texting While Driving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Texting While Driving - Essay Example The reality is that every day thousands of text messages and emails are sent and read from behind the wheel by America drivers, and indeed drivers all over the world. Driving while texting has been claimed to cause accidents for the following reasons; it reduces concentration and prevents the driver from focusing on the road and the cars ahead beside or behind him/her. This is because texting takes up a good deal of sensory, motor faculties which are required for drivers to put their full focus on the road. As a result, they are likely to veer off the road and/or cause accidents resulting in fatalities for the driver passenger’s pedestrians and other road users. Despite this, others claim that texting while driving is fine and no more dangerous than eating or talking to the passenger next to the driver in the car. In fact, by virtue of driving itself being dangerous, we have speed and age limits; therefore, it transpires then that if one is qualified to drive he/she should als o be qualified to text while driving. However, if the argument is followed to its logical conclusions it will imply actions be banned based on the rate of death. In such a situation texting and driving would not be the only thing banned, even driving itself would be outlawed given its high death toll even in the absence of distractions. Bearing in mind that texting has become almost second nature to most people, it begs the question whether people should be encouraged to avoid driving and texting or trained on how to do both. Quizzed on the effects of this, proponents of this debate assert that they did not find texting while driving to be a significant risk; some are of the opinion that texting is no more different from using GPRS to check for directions (Stephens). The American federal and state laws have tried to limit mobile phone activity while driving, and this has included banns or limitations from calling or texting while driving. However, it is notable that the matter is no t unequivocally agreed on since not every state has banns on texting or calling while driving. Thirty nine states have banned texting and driving while five have outlawed the same for novice drivers; school bus drivers in 19 states are not allowed to make phone calls, only in three states are they forbidden to text while driving; Mississippi, Oklahoma and Texas (â€Å"Cellphone and texting laws†). In year 2010, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration realized that the number of Americans texting or otherwise manipulating cellphones and driving had risen to 0.9 percent (â€Å"Driver Electronic Device Use in 2010†). Majority of those who text while driving, fall in the teenage and young driver bracket, and they are likely to do more than just text since with smart phones they can access Facebook and other social networking sites which may be more involving than texting. Ultimately, despite the many opinions on the issue, the law seems bent on outlawing the pra ctice since the opinion of the majority is apparently not in favor of allowing it. This can be seen in that most states have outlawed it, and in most cases should a police officer find someone driving and texting in this states they may charge you with dangerous driving. One of the leading insurance firms in the country, nationwide insurance has also strongly supported the ban for Texting While Driving-TWD (â€Å"Nationwide Insurance†¦

Sikh Gurus, Sacred Scripture, Sacred Institutions Research Paper

Sikh Gurus, Sacred Scripture, Sacred Institutions - Research Paper Example All Sikhs are deeply connected to the Guru Granth, and it is considered to be the Guru, and thus to be the immediate revelation and manifestation of God (Mann 41). How scripture became the Guru and how each Guru participated in scripture, and the institutions that resulted from this process, is a very interesting story. The way God spoke to the Sikhs was through their Gurus. The Gurus wrote songs and recitations of devotion and supplication, in poetic form, and these were passed on to subsequent Gurus of the lineage. The Guru Granth is comprised of the collection of poetry and songs, dating all the way back to the respected Guru Nanak, the first Guru of the Sikhs (Mann). The scripture is an active part of daily living, for the Sikhs, and is the center for rites of passage in Sikh family celebrations (Mann 42) Guru Nanak taught an emancipator path of liberation from the cycle of rebirth, based upon the humble and joyous adoration of God. God was macrocosm and microcosm, and could not be fully known nor manipulated, but might freely bestow his grace. Guru Nanak, glimpsing the transcendent, sang poetry to God: I would still not be able to measure your greatness, nor signify the glory of your name. Another example is: To you belong my breath, to you my flesh. You the True One are my Beloved (Singh 34). Guru Nanak’s 500 devotional songs (Mann 44) address the problem of Indian society’s brokenness and fragmentation into the many pieces of caste, class, religion, language, social structure and cultural paradigms (Muthumohan 8). In the 1500’s, the Punjab was ruled by Muslims, using the Q’uran, and society also under the influence of Brahman priests who excluded women and all lower castes from much of the religious worship experience, and who kept an oral tradition of scripture, so that accessibility was controlled (Mann 43). The Jains responded to India’s fragmentation by honoring multiplicity. Vedanta reduced everything into OM, outs ide of which everything else is illusion. Buddhism constructed relationality. Sikh musical devotion mediates between the dilemma of one and many through â€Å"musical cementing and construction of consent† (Muthumohan 8). Music is a fluid signifier, to Guru Nanak’s way of thinking, and very unlike the rigid deity signifiers of other religious approaches, which created division, not unity (Muthumohan 8). Guru Nanak’s God is nameless, formless and eternal, cannot be precisely known, so this God does not divide into inflexible social and philosophical segments, but unites what is broken. The universality of God was reflected in the teachings and practice of caste and gender equality (Grewel 15). This view of equality is reflected now in the way every Sikh, irrespective of caste, class, gender, age, or status is equally welcome to handle the Guru Granth, to read it and listen to it and sing it and respond to it (Mann 44). There is no priest in charge but each person can access the scripture, and therefore God, directly. This view of equality is reflected in Guru Nanak’s institution of congregational worship. He sat with his followers, who were not distinguished from each other in practice, and sang praises to God together, at the same time, in the same place, with the same status, all having in common their loyalty to the Guru. This became known as â€Å"

The Operational Process of Al-Hassan Group of Companies of Oman Essay - 3

The Operational Process of Al-Hassan Group of Companies of Oman - Essay Example This paper illustrates that Al-Hassan Group of Companies is one of the largest corporations in Oman. They operate mainly in the energy sector and are engaged in catering services as well as products to their customer base. The market of Al-Hassan is not only confined to the domestic consumers but they also export products to other Gulf nations. They are also trying to enhance their operations in the European and Asian markets for further increasing the profit generation process and organizational development. The operational process of the business is thus developed in a complex manner which encompasses service as well as product management. The services are majorly dependent on the demand of the local marketplace of Oman whereas the product manufacturing process considers the demand at a multinational level. The manufacturing segment of the company can be segmented mainly to three groups which are Al-Hassan Switchgear Manufacturing Co. LLC (AHSG), Al-Hassan Power Industries LLC (AHP R) and Al Hassan Lighting and Fan Industries LLC. The activities of all three production units are maintained with the help of strict monitoring and performance development processes. Al-Hassan’s operational functions are not responsive or fixed, rather they are adaptive in nature which allows the company to adjust to the changes in demand of the consumers and accordingly develop their supply processes. The regular flux in the operations no doubt reduces the market risks but this also can disrupt the production processes. Also, it was noted that in comparison to the ratio of changes being implemented in the supply chain system, the implementation of change management procedures is limited in Al-Hassan.

Education Vision Essay Example for Free

Education Vision Essay I believe that all students should be held to the same standards of education. While there should always be accommodations for an individual students strengths, weaknesses and learning style, there should also be a universal set of criteria by which a students progress is measured. While those standards may sometimes seem exacting to the students expected to meet them, they are far less demanding than what is required of todays workers in an economy where competition has become global. An innovative and creative spirit has become in the last twenty years something that is generally expected of everyone rather than something only expected of the exceptional, a solid foundation in the basic elements of education, math and reading have become ever-more vital to succeeding in the modern world. Where education is concerned, I have found that creativity and innovation can oftentimes be fostered by the experience of overcoming challenges and, thereby, attaining a justified belief in ones own abilities. A student who is taught to take pride in their work and, especially, to take pride is turning a failure into a success is someone likely to succeed in a world where competition is fierce and belief in ones self is the most advantageous thing. Where the application of standards are concerned, I believe that any leader in an educational setting must be held to high standards just as are the students. By holding myself accountable to the highest standards, I gain the legitimacy to expect the same of my students and the ability to inspire them to do more than they may have thought possible. The position of a leader is one that is at least partially earned by gaining credibility in the eyes of those whom I am charged to lead. This can best be accomplished by setting an example; by continually challenging myself with new ideas and new situations while at the same time having the conviction to stand by those practices that have proven effective over time. Having worked as a teacher and a teachers assistant in various settings for the past five years, I have learned that both students and educators must never loose touch with their essential humanity and that empathy must always accompany high expectations. When a student knows that their teachers understand the hardships they face but still expect them to perform at a level of excellence, the student can be assured that they are not being driven unreasonably but are only expected to perform at the level their teachers know that student can achieve. Where sympathy and lowered expectations are really forms of condescension, empathy and high expectations communicate to a student that their instructor has not only high hopes for their student, but also a sincere and justified respect for their students potential. I have always felt a visceral connection and genuine responsibility for the successes and failures of my students. I hope to always be there to help my students experience the satisfaction of success and of overcoming failure.

Evaluating How To Ensure Patient Safety Nursing Essay

Evaluating How To Ensure Patient Safety Nursing Essay PATIENT SAFETY According to World Health Organisation (2010) Patient safety is the prevention and avoidance of adverse circumstances or injuries coming from health care process. Accidents, errors are common events that can occur in the clinical area. Safety arises from the interaction from different parts of the system: it does not live in a person, department or device. Patient safety is a branch of health care quality. Patient safety could be defined as the prevention of errors and adverse effect associated with patients in health care. Health care has become more complex and more effective with greater use of medicines, treatment and more use of technologies; also, patient safety is the prevention of adverse effects to patients and prevention of errors associated with health care. In every care given there is a certain degree of unsafe practice, wrong procedure, side effects of drugs, hazards done by a faulty or substandard medical device used in the health system, human errors or system errors (latent) failures (World Health Organization, 2002). Patient safety is a global issue whereby about 2.3% -16.6% adverse event rates have been documented from acute care hospitals. 1.4 million people worldwide have also been reported by the World Alliance for patient safety are suffering from acquired infections from hospitals and in the developed world 10% of patients admitted to modern medical hospitals acquire one or more infections. In Africa and Asia pacific region, patient safety is a very big issue of concern. In the developing countries the risk of health care associated infection is 2-20times higher than in developed countries, sometimes the percentage of health care acquired infection can exceed 25%. The countries rise of unsafe care is alarming (WHO, 2007, pp. 15). Nursing literature and standards of professional conduct elevating patient safety and standard care all presuppose the importance of excellence in nursing practice. About what excellence is and how it may be operationalised as a moral essential in patient safety discourse is not well interpreted. It may not be possible to effect to any one specific definition of the idea what excellence in health and nursing care area is, but only to give examples of distinct excellences of professional practice and professional lives for example case of exceptional caring, exceeding honesty, outstanding understanding and skill, laudable wisdom, uncommon patience and eminent integrity. RISK ASSESSMENT It is the identification of attendant uncertainties in order to estimate the risk in an organization IPCS (2004). Risk assessment is the first constituent in risk analysis process which also includes management of risk and communication of risk. Risk assessment refers to techniques and methods that apply to the judgment of hazards. Risk assessment starts with problem formulation which includes four additional steps as elaborated below: (1)Identification of hazards; (2)Characterization of hazards; (3)Assessment exposure; (4)Characterization of risk (IPCS, 2004). Identification of hazards entails recognizing the hazard and acting fast to prevent an incident from occurring. Characterization of hazards has to do with the drug, object or procedure that might cause the adverse effect. Assessment exposure involves how are patient expose to this hazards, how much danger is likely to occur, how long is the danger likely to occur, what measure of danger is appropriate for typifying health risk? Characterization of risk involves how does the assess exposure compare guidance value for the drug? The nurses on duty in this case scenario did not act as harm absorbers by ensuring the safety of the young girl in the ward by combining expertise, experience and training which is required from experienced nurses. They needed mental alertness or foresight to identify on time that the patient tourniquet was not unfastened. National Patient Safety Agency (2008) has developed a mental preparedness training program which aims at enabling nurses to increase knowledge of determinant that raises the chance of patient safety incidents, boost their confidence to keep patient safety incident from happening and understanding risk-prone situations better. Reason (2004) cultivated a method for analysing risks which was structured around the three-bucket model. According to the model, most patient safety incidents can be prevented if clinical staffs foresee error before any task, procedure or action is attempted. The assessment is divided into three parts, which are: the self-bucket, context-bucket and the task-bucket. Relating these three-bucket prediction approaches to the case scenario examined in this essay is detailed below. In the self-bucket, the registered nurse that collected the blood sample from the little girl had a low level of competence and experience because it is the duty of a medical laboratory scientist which she is not. She was not aware of the policies that governs the procedure and never took her time to cross-check what she was doing. In the context-buck the registered nurse on duty lacked team support from her colleagues. The four registered nurses on duty would have shared the patients in the ward to themselves in a ratio of 10:1 and the unfastened tourniquet would have been noticed by the staff nurse in charge of this young girl. In the Task-bucket the registered nurse that collected the blood sample was unfamiliar with the task so did not remember to unfasten the tourniquet. She would have asked for a medical laboratory scientist who has more experience in this procedure and it would have help reduced the work load for this staff nurse because the ward was busy and full. Reason (2004) noted that using foresight is a fundamental skill of an experienced registered nurse and for it to be more effective it must be practised. He goes on to say that healthcare professionals who needs to develop error wisdom, alertness and quick reactions needs to apply it, should use the simple three-bucket model of error which might help them the foresight factors that raises the chance of patient safety incidents. Training on risk assessment does not have to take place in classroom but can be cultivated in forming part of clinical handovers, or of daily training programmes involving for example, manual handling and lifting which was not done by the nurses on duty in this scenario. The training programme designed created to equip staff with prospective risk assessment abilities and a simple model needed for use in their everyday work. It aim is to help nurses to do something to prevent incidents, improve nurses knowledge of the factors that can be added to make patient safety incident occur, educating nurses by encouraging them to share their experiences of patient safety incidents, improving their knowledge of risky situations. The program also help prepare staff nurses to undertake urgent risk assessments of risky situations by encouraging them to accept that errors can and will always occur and to be more at alert of safety gaps where they work, know how to check situations before starting a task and so increases chances to minimise and avoid errors and to note and anticipate problems and to prepare in advance to deal with them. Ask for more qualified help when necessary and to know what stops them from asking for help. THE SCENERIO My patient case scenario happened in south à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ south Nigeria, West Africa where a student nurse did her clinical practice. An eight year old girl who was admitted for the treatment for malaria had her arm amputated before discharge from the hospital. This young baby as I will call her was admitted into a 40 bedded busy ward with just three trained registered nurses on duty on each shift. She came in with severe pyrexia which was later brought down, but on the third day of her stay in the ward as a stable patient, the medical doctor on duty ordered for a malaria parasite blood investigation to see if there are more parasites before discharge. Fortunately the hospital management board had enacted a law which governs the hospital and the laboratory in this hospital whereby blood samples are collected by the nurse on duty to the medical laboratory scientist because the hospital had only one medical laboratory scientist that runs the laboratory. The hospital management board tells the Federal Government that they have employed ten medical laboratory scientists (Ghost workers) but apparently employed just one. On that faithful morning one of the registered nurses on duty collected this patient blood for investigations but forgot to unfasten the tied tourniquet from the patientà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s arm. The incident took place with the morning nurses on duty while handing over to the afternoon nurses the unfasten tourniquet was still on the patient arm so the tourniquet was there for two days without any of the nurses on duty noticing, the patient mum thought the on the girls arm was part of the treatment. 48 hours later a registered nurse on duty who went to give the patient bed bath saw it and by then blood supply to that arm has been cut off. An incident report was filled and submitted to investigated the incidence but information collected could not be worked on appropriately because the structure of the management board is pathologic because they have this attitude already that they needed not to waste their time on patient safety issue (Parker, 2001) SYSTEM FACTORS Throughout management of care, registered nurses are used extensively. Most health management officers prefers using advanced practice nurses in their primary care duties in changing patients positions and in community settings. Another important role for the registered nurse is that of case management while on duty. As a case manager you will have to manage care for a patient during the whole of the health care system to minimize breakdowns, contain cost and improve the quality of life. Nurses also help in a triage role, deciding the most suitable course of intervention and are often employed to render the most appropriate and cost-efficient care. This duty often involves moving a patient out of the hospital, a nursing home or with health service. The patients who are the consumers have different views towards managed care and their experiences. Some patients have good access, care givers they trust, various range of services and fair costs. Others have experienced access problem, refusal of treatment and limited coverage as seen in this case scenario. As patients become more informed, they began to fight for their rights to better health care services through legal system and reforms. Reducing workforce as seen in this essay, without proper reconstruction simply leaves fewer people to realize already inefficient and ineffective work.Unluckly this short sighted approach is taken by various companies, both in and outside health sector. The outcome is poor morale, patient discontent, low-quality outcome and loss of able staff. Kuokkanen et al., (2003) in their studies noted that job satisfaction, empowerment and organizational obligations are closely linked. Health care workers today are facing a very different work environment. They mostly have seven to ten different jobs during a typical work career moderately than the three jobs or lesser held by former generation. Keys to successful reconstruction of the health system include strong leadership, support from the leaders from the top (resources, cultural, financial and time) positive thinkers, steadfastness and our being able to answer these few questions: -What is our mission? -What standard do we want? -How do we need to go about our work? -What people do we want to work with? The history, political and socioeconomic factors of a country determines the characteristics of the health system, for example the hospital where this incidence occurred ,the organizational models are visionary and do not actually exist in a realistic pure state. Giving the Federal government a false figure of staff in each ward and having few staff is organisational failures that lead to the patient safety incidence. Due to the poor system normal daily nursing procedures were not carried out like taking of vital signs four hourly because if the normal routine procedure of taking vital signs was done the nurse that carried out the procedure would have seen the unfasten tourniquet that was tied on the little girls arm. During handing and taking over of the morning nurses to the afternoon nurses, the blood specimen collection which was a latest development would have been reported to the head nurse on afternoon duty. The nurses on night duty also failed in their duties. If a proper night report was written and read out loudly by a night nurses in the presence of all the day duty nurses the next day the error would have still be noted. Healthcare managers, strategy-makers and governors at the blunt-end-they decide on how care is delivered through strategies, financial control and directing the work of the healthcare professionals. At the blunt-end, latent conditions occur. A working environment is made that increases the chances that there will be an active failure at the sharp end. There are a whole lot of latent failures-all with the possibility to cause an adverse event like what we have now in this patient case scenario. The healthcare system in this scenario is overloaded such as overbooking admissions into the ward with less staff. Normally there is a combination of many small factors, each appearing not to be important when viewed alone. When latent failures occur in addition to only one active failure, such as forgetting to unfasten a used tourniquet by a registered nurse who is overtired because she has been working in an overcrowded and busy ward, the outcome is a recipe for an adverse event to occur. HUMAN FACTORS Human factor is the application of human knowledge, ability and limitations to the design of common systems of people, work tools and their environment to guarantee their influence, safety and ease of use. The above definition explains it further that the chores nurses perfrom,the equipment they are called to use, their work environment and the organizational procedures that moulds their activities may or may not be a good fit for their advantage and disadvantage. Poor outcome usually occurs when the sensory, behavioural and cognitive traits of providers are put together. Most nursing work processes have evolved as a result of personal or practice first choice rather than through a systematic method of constructing a system that gives rise to small errors and greater effectiveness. Far too often, care givers and administrators have fallen into a current situation trap carrying out procedures simply because they always had been done that way. Experts in human factor on the other hand, look at human abilities and weakness in the construction of systems, stressing the importance of avoiding believe in memory, carefulness and follow up intentions-areas where human acts of avoiding confidence. Processes can be made easy and standardized, leading to less confusion, gains more effectiveness and fewer errors. The area of human factors does not point solely on devices and technology. Human factor research came up during World War II as a result of showcasing equipment and controls that were not fitted to the visual and motor abilities of human users, decade after decade of human factors work has seen a broadening of the human accomplishment issues seen worthy of investigation. Lately a number of human factor experts with interest in improving health care standard and safety spoke addressing a more inclusive range of sociotechnical system factors, including only patient, care givers, the duty performed, and group work, but also work environments or Microsystems. One of the lessons coming from a systems method is that meaningful improvements in safety and quality are likely to be reached by seeing to and correcting the mistakes among these organizational and management matters, and socioeconomic factors outside of the institution. Managing the systems confidence of care, as seen by confidenc e of care, is a big challenge faced by providers and their human factor partners. Human factor relevant to this case scenario is that there was an inadequate flow of information from the nurses during their handing over process. The nurses on each shift did not have the information they needed to appropriately care for the young girl. The (Joint Commission) 2006 advices on the improvement of effective communication which is include a requirement for a standardized handing-off of communications. Other human factors that lead to the incident were fatigue, stress and interruptions. Although the nurse that carried out the procedure was not a medical laboratory scientist but she should have explained the procedure to the young girl or get an interpreter to interpret the procedure to the patients mother because she does not understand English. This effective communication before the procedure would have helped in great deal in preventing this accident because the mother caring for her daughter would have noticed the tourniquet still fastened on her daughters arm after the procedure was an error and would have drawn the attention of the nurse or any other nurse to unfasten it. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE Increasing the number of medical staffing in order to achieve compliance will help in minimizing patient safety incidence rather than lying. Although increasing the number of medical staff is not a criterion that error will be prevented completely in the practical world. Setting up assessment team amongst the nurses who will be dedicatedly positioned to centralised areas in the ward to assess acutely ill patients and strict monitoring while still on admission. No matter how bad the case in a hospital is, there must be a patient safety champion in each department or division which should be recommended or nominated by the staff in the hospital. The hospital should use the information generated by its incident reporting system and organization-wide risk assessments to proactively improve patient care.

Anysys Fluent Simulation Of Turbulent Flow Engineering Essay

Anysys Fluent Simulation Of Turbulent Flow Engineering Essay The characteristics of fluid flow with sudden expansion in a 1:2 diameter ratio pipe are investigated using ANSYS Fluent. Results show fluid re-circulates just after expansion, length of recirculation zone approximates to 0.35m. Velocity, turbulence intensity and pressure vary along pipe length in accordance with Bernoullis principle. Influence of change in turbulence models on accuracy is also investigated with the Reynolds Stress model providing the relatively best fit although other turbulence models (realizable k-ÃŽÂ µ and SST k-à Ã¢â‚¬ °) provide reasonably close fitting models. Results were checked for mesh independence and validated. Computational Fluid dynamics (CFD) involves computational simulation of fluid flows in different situations employing numerical solution of basic flow equations e.g. the continuity equation and other equations over a discretized unit reference (Versteeg, and Malalasekera, 2007). The usage of CFD transcends the traditional scope of chemical engineering profession into wider areas such as oceanography, biomedical engineering electrical circuitry, etc (Fairweather, 2011). Sudden expansion in pipes involves fluid flow from a smaller hydraulic diameter to a larger one. Flow separation usually occurs in a sudden expansion scenario, where a part of the fluid flows in opposition to the main fluid flow. This are called eddies, and are strong contributors to the irreversibility of practical flows as energy is dissipated by this eddies. Thus it is of great significance to be able to model eddies in a sudden expansion flow adequately and observe the characteristics of this recirculation zone (efluids, 2011; Gharegbagi and Ali, 2011; Mahmud, 2011: Roy, et al 2010). Sudden expansion is a simple looking but intriguing case of fluid flow in pipes. Sanmiguel-Rojas (2010) implies that not many significant studies have been done on instabilities encountered in steady, turbulent, sudden expansion fluid flow with respect to spatial structure of piping with D2/D1 = 2. However, previous remarkable work in this field includes Roy, et al (2010) and Mansoori and Bazargan-Lari (2007). Examples of scenarios in which the above phenomenon occurs include; Flows into a tank, oil drilling and extraction, plug flow reactors, combustion engines, aerodynamics, etc. Software ANSYS Fluent is a commercial CFD package that models flow via the finite-volume method (a variation of the finite difference method) created by the company Fluent (now part of ANSYS Inc.). Pre-processing of the case study (meshing) was done on Gambit which comes along with Fluent (now ICEM). The version of Fluent employed in this report is 12.1 (CFD-online, 2011; Weidner, 2011; ANSYS, 2009). This report covers the Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) modelling of turbulent flow with sudden expansion in a 1: 2 diameter piping, using the pressure based solver and the second order upwind difference scheme in ANSYS Fluent. Effects of changes in turbulence models on computational time, and accuracy would be examined, visual plots would be used to describe and analyse modelling results. SIMULATION METHODOLOGY Fig 1: diagrammatic representation of simulation process (Fairweather, 2011) Nature of Fluid flow under consideration Calculating the Reynolds number of the flow helps to determine the nature of the flow. At Normal Temperature and pressure (P = 101.325 kgm-2, T = 288.16 K) Generally it is accepted that flows with a Reynolds number (Re) > 4000 are turbulent in nature. Therefore it is established that the flow under consideration is a turbulent flow Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) RANS involves the time averaging of the equations that govern turbulent fluid flow to capture information on variations that occur on a minute scale while avoiding horrendously lengthy computation times. RANS represents variations as a mean such that ; ; ; and P RANS is employed in obtaining the equations that were numerically solved in this report assuming constant velocity and viscous flows (Fairweather, 2011). Geometry: The geometry consists of two pipes of diameter ratio 1:2 joined together through which fluid flows with no bends as shown below Fig 2: geometry of pipe showing mesh grid/mesh discretization Governing Equations Continuity equation: Momentum equation (x-direction only) Where:; ; ; ; ; ; TURBULENCE MODELS Realizable k-ÃŽÂ µ model The k-ÃŽÂ µ model is a two equation model that assumes a linear relationship between Reynolds stress and rate of strain. It has the advantages of fast computation time, wide usage and extensive validation. However, it predicts badly the length of eddies for complex flows. The realizable k-ÃŽÂ µ model is an update to the model based on observed strengths and weaknesses of the standard k-ÃŽÂ µ model (Fairweather, 2011; ANSYS, 2009). Below is a mathematical representation of the standard k-ÃŽÂ µ model Where: ÃŽÂ ¦ = k or ÃŽÂ µ; SÃŽÂ ¦=source term for k or ÃŽÂ µ; Sk= G-à Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µ (production rate of k-destruction rate of k); SÃŽÂ µ= (C1G-C2à Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µ)(ÃŽÂ µ/k) = (production rate of k-destruction rate of k) ; N.B. for this simulation: ; and SST k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° model The k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° model is also a two equation model based on the Wilcox k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° model. It is suitable for wall bounded flows and free shear flows as it performs low Reynolds number corrections, computation time is relatively fast and accuracy is better than the k-ÃŽÂ µ model in most cases. à Ã¢â‚¬ ° is specific dissipation rate and is analogous to a ratio of ÃŽÂ µ/k. The SST k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° model is an improved version of the standard k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° model (ANYSYS, 2009). Reynolds Stress Model This is a very rigorous model, with seven equations unlike the preceding 2-equation models. It provides more accuracy where other models are faulty e.g. impinging flows and can predict fluid flow for a lot of cases closely without any dedicated / individual adjustments. However, computing costs are large (Fairweather, 2011) The first six equations of the RSM model can be condensed into the equation below Where: ; ; ; The seventh equation (turbulence dissipation rate) is N.B. in this simulation: ; and Numerical methods The discretization employed is the finite volume method. It is a variant of the finite difference method. This scheme splits up the domain into discrete control volumes over which the control equations are resolved using a truncated Taylor series expansion. Finite volume method is the most established of Discretization schemes in CFD modelling. Convective fluxes were evaluated with the second order upwind-difference scheme (Fairweather, 2011; Versteeg, and Malalasekera, 2007). Boundary conditions Table 1: boundary conditions for numeric solution (adapted from Versteeg, and Malalasekera, 2007) Realizable k- ÃŽÂ µ model SST k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° model Reynold Stress model Inlet k = 0.01148438 m2s-2 ÃŽÂ µ = 0.02888982 m2s-3 k = 0.1148438 m2s-2 à Ã¢â‚¬ °= 27.95085 Rij = ÃŽÂ µ = Outlet ; ; ; Interior k = 0 ; ÃŽÂ µ = 0 k = 0 ; à Ã¢â‚¬ ° = 0 Rij = 0 ; ÃŽÂ µ = 0 Walls law of the wall Law of the wall Wall functions Convergence criteria and levels For all the equations solved by each model, a uniform convergence criterion of 1.0 x 10-4 was used for every equation solved. The value represented an informed compromise between acceptable accuracy and realistic computation time (ANYSYS, 2009). It is worthy of note that for the RSM model, this relatively stringent criterion caused the number of iterations to exceed 14,000 without any obvious improvement in results as shown in fig 2. Therefore a cap of 4,000 iterations was placed on the RSM calculations. Results show there was no ensuing negative impact on accuracy of numerical solution. Fig 3: Iteration length for RSM model showing Mesh Independence test The table below shows that results from the modelling experiment are similar and essentially the same within three (3) decimal places of precision irrespective of mesh size employed. Also since assurance of mesh independence cannot be guaranteed by mere reduction in cell size (Sloan et al, 1986), an attempt was made at adaptive meshing to attenuate important flow variations and phenomenon with the same results obtained. Table 2: Grid/Mesh independence of simulation Gambit Mesh/Grid size Volume of unit cells Mass flow rate at inlet [kgs-1] Mass flow rate at Pressure-outlet [kgs-1] Error Percentage Difference (%) 5 439,993 0.016809944 0.016809996 -5.22E-08 3.09 x 10-4 7 163,311 0.01678467 0.016784551 1.19E-07 7.08 x 10-4 10 55,182 0.016728994 0.016729204 2.1E-07 1.255 x 10-3 10b 100,693 0.016728994 0.016728895 -9.9E-08 5.9 x 10-4 15 16,750 0.016609019 0.016608695 -3.24E-07 1.95 x 10-3 N.B. 10 b means mesh size 10 with boundary layer mesh added (adaptive meshing) Grid optimization (Mesh finesse Vs Time trade off) The greater the volume of unit cells in grid per geometry, the better the accuracy of numeric analysis. However, within the scope of grid independence, results are relatively uniform irrespective of mesh size. The cost of finesse of grid is computation time could be noticed with the case of mesh size 5 (439,993 cells) which took almost forever to compute using the RSM model and had to be terminated. Thus mesh 10 (55,182 cells) and 10b (100,693 cells) were employed for analysis with other mesh sizes serving as validation checks RESULTS AND ANALYSIS Part 1 Taking a close look at flow close to the walls of the pipe, we see the effect of sudden expansion resulting in backflow of fluid creating velocities in the opposite direction (red box). Recirculation zone is approximately 0.37m in length. We also can see how the fluid adjust to changes in geometry with a sharp rise velocity to fill the voids created by liquid moving backwards then a gradual decrease as pressure pile us towards the exit of the pipe Fig 4: velocity variation along length of pipe close to the walls showing effects of recirculation Fig 6 shows the variation in turbulence intensity. It can be seen that the flow becomes more turbulent around the recirculation zone with dead (stagnant) flow occurring just at the corners of the pipe. Fig 7: displays the total pressure variations in the pipe. It can be noted that sudden expansion causes a drop in total fluid pressure. Fig 8 shows the radial velocity and profile. It can be noted that velocity variation in the radial direction is minimal, which is typical of plug fluid flow depicted by fig 5. Fig 9 is a streamline plot of axial velocity, velocity variation along the axial direction is more dominant than in the radial direction, also worthy of note is the length of the recirculation zone (black box) and the reattachment zone. Fig 5: stages of flow development at different positions on pipe length Fig 6: Turbulence intensity profile of fluid along length of pipe Fig 7: Total pressure profile of fluid along length of pipe Fig 8: Radial velocity profile of fluid Fig 9: streamline plot of axial velocity of fluid Part 2 Fig10(a-c) shows axial velocity profiles for different turbulent models in order of increasing complexity (realizable k-ÃŽÂ µ à ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ ¶ SST k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° à ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ ¶ RSM). Curves get smother showing a more gradual response of the fluid to changes and also approach exact solution, as model complexity increases. However, all the essential features of the fluid flow are well represented by all models. Fig 11(a-c) displays turbulence intensity variations, more variation details are captured as model increases in complexity. Worthy of note is that the SST k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° model provides a more detailed picture of turbulent intensity variation in reference to the other models picking up intensities as low as 5.42 x 10-5 %, while the realizable k-ÃŽÂ µ picks up a minimum of 0.336% and RSM 1.45% Fig 12(a-c) shows streamline plot of axial velocity, though length of recirculation zone remains approximately the same the representation of velocity magnitude in recirculation zone varies visibly for each model. Fig 13(a-c) is the radial velocity profile; the SST model indicates larger radial velocities along pipe length than both than both the realizable k-ÃŽÂ µ and the RSM models. For all models radial velocity variation is dominated by axial velocity variations Fig 10a: k-ÃŽÂ µ model Fig 10b: SST model Fig 10c: RSM model Fig 11a: k-ÃŽÂ µ model Fig 11c: RSM model Fig 11b: SST model Fig 12a: k-ÃŽÂ µ model Fig 12b: SST model Fig 12c: RSM model Fig 13a: k-ÃŽÂ µ model Fig 13b: SST model Fig 13c: RSM model VALIDATION OF RESULTS For CFD, convergence of numerical iterations does not really count for much as Versteeg and Malalasekra (2007) put it results are at best as good as the physics embodied in it, or at worst as good as the skill of the operator. Thus, validation of results becomes extremely important. The results obtained herein would be validated thus: Bernoullis equation For an ideal fluid flow Bernoullis equation enables us to calculate the velocity at any point in the pipe (assuming constant flow rate, and negligible friction losses). Therefore we can validate output velocity from fluent using this principle (Roymech, 2011). Where vin = 1.73855 ms-1, P1= 101.325 kgm-2, P2= 101.325 kgm-2, g = 9.81 ms-2; à Ã‚  =1.225 kgm-3; z1 = 0.1m; z2 = 0.1m; Therefore Mass flux variation results from Fluent The third mechanism for validation will be the CFD package fluent itself. Analysis of the computation results as presented in table 4.0, show that value of errors resulting residuals is very low (less than 0.0095%) indicating conservation of mass during numerical calculations which lend credit to suitability and accuracy of model. Table 3: comparison of percentage error of each model MODEL/mesh volume K-EPSILON (%) SST K-OMEGA (%) REYNOLD STRESS (%) 5 0.000309 0.00352 N/A 7 0.000708 0.004468363 0.000673233 10 0.001255 0.007867 0.001124 10 b 0.000153 0.00258 0.001488 15 0.00195 0.000783 0.00927 N.B. 10 b means mesh size 10 with boundary layer mesh added Research journals In addition to the above validation processes, the results of modelling experiment reported in this work were compared with previous research works such as (Roy, et al 2010), (Mansoori and Bazargan-Lai 2007) and (Teyssandiert, 1973). Results obtained corroborated foregoing analysis and results obtained it the above mentioned papers. CONCLUSION In summary, CFD modelling of sudden expansion flow in a 1:2 diameter ratio piping posses the following characteristics. Sudden expansion in pipe flow results in local pressure losses Flow fully develops into plug flow before exit at outlet and majority of the variations occur axially along reactor length Recirculation of fluid occurs after sudden expansion for a lengthspan of approximately 0.35m along pipe Viscous effects along wall boundaries help dissipate energy of turbulent eddies The realizable k-ÃŽÂ µ model predicts the size and strength of recirculation zone poorly, but as flow develops into plug flow, the models accuracy remarkably improves with reference to the other models tested. Turbulence models become better with increase in complexity of model from k-ÃŽÂ µ to SST k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° to RSM. Ability of other models to better the k-ÃŽÂ µ model in recirculation zone prediction can be attributed to embedded corrections for boundary layer flow, turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rates.

Essay --

Chantin Bullock Historical Methodologies The warmth of all suns Precis December 11th, 2013 The Warmth of all suns is a collection of three people’s experiences in the Jim Crow south and how they was able to leave the South and heading to the north which was part of The Great Migration. The Great Migration was one of the most unsought after events in American History. From 1910 to 1960 over 6 million African Americans moved from the rural areas of the south to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and west. African Americans had become an urbanized population because over eighty percent of African Americans lived in cities. Since 1970 African Americans began returning to the south which is also called the reverse migration or New Great Migration. The main theme of this book is to not only provide information of the great migration, but for the reader to see the obsticles the three individuals had to encounter in order to develop the courage to finally leave a place where they weren’t treated as human beings. They decided to leave to pursuit a better life, some left to save their own lives. ... Essay -- Chantin Bullock Historical Methodologies The warmth of all suns Precis December 11th, 2013 The Warmth of all suns is a collection of three people’s experiences in the Jim Crow south and how they was able to leave the South and heading to the north which was part of The Great Migration. The Great Migration was one of the most unsought after events in American History. From 1910 to 1960 over 6 million African Americans moved from the rural areas of the south to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and west. African Americans had become an urbanized population because over eighty percent of African Americans lived in cities. Since 1970 African Americans began returning to the south which is also called the reverse migration or New Great Migration. The main theme of this book is to not only provide information of the great migration, but for the reader to see the obsticles the three individuals had to encounter in order to develop the courage to finally leave a place where they weren’t treated as human beings. They decided to leave to pursuit a better life, some left to save their own lives. ...

Massage Therapy :: Essays Papers

Massage Therapy What’s the easiest and quickest way to take a mini-vacation, and feel totally rejuvenated, renewed and rewarded? Do you want a well paying job that can give this feeling to you and your clients? If so I have the perfect job for you. But before I start to tell you about it you have to have an open mind and realize this job does take some work. I’m going to tell you some of the things you might have to do, the reasons its a growing industry, places you can get this job, the wages, the amount of education you need and where to get it, the curriculum of the schools, some of the skills you need, and how to start preparing for this job now. Of course, you want to know the career I’m talking about! It’s massage therapy! I know, I know, your probably thinking so I rub someone’s back big whoop! But there’s more to massage therapy than that. There are many different things that a massage therapist must do. First off they have to find somewhere to work and get clients, but that’s the obvious. There are also things they have to do after this, other than just massage. In an interview with Stephanie Melroy, who owns and runs The Massage Studio in Holdrege, she said to me, â€Å"A lot of high school girls are really interested in massage therapy but most of them don’t realize all the work and education that it requires. The classes that you take aren’t the easiest either. You have to take a lot of anatomy and physiology, know every bone, muscle, and nerve and they work.† You’ll to prepare the client before the massage, which might include: applying heat, alcohol, lubricants, salt, or other rubbing compounds. Of course the massage therapist will massage the client using kneading, rubbing, and/or stroking movements. You also need to know different types of diseases and skin irritation s because if they have a certain kind of disease you can’t treat them. But there are also many types of massage or therapy that they might do. This includes Hydrotherapy, Swedish massage, Sports massage, Shiatsu, Trager, Hellerwork, Polarity, Reflexology, Acupressure, Rolfing, and many more. Other than a manual massage they might also use mechanical or electrical machines as well. Massage Therapy :: Essays Papers Massage Therapy What’s the easiest and quickest way to take a mini-vacation, and feel totally rejuvenated, renewed and rewarded? Do you want a well paying job that can give this feeling to you and your clients? If so I have the perfect job for you. But before I start to tell you about it you have to have an open mind and realize this job does take some work. I’m going to tell you some of the things you might have to do, the reasons its a growing industry, places you can get this job, the wages, the amount of education you need and where to get it, the curriculum of the schools, some of the skills you need, and how to start preparing for this job now. Of course, you want to know the career I’m talking about! It’s massage therapy! I know, I know, your probably thinking so I rub someone’s back big whoop! But there’s more to massage therapy than that. There are many different things that a massage therapist must do. First off they have to find somewhere to work and get clients, but that’s the obvious. There are also things they have to do after this, other than just massage. In an interview with Stephanie Melroy, who owns and runs The Massage Studio in Holdrege, she said to me, â€Å"A lot of high school girls are really interested in massage therapy but most of them don’t realize all the work and education that it requires. The classes that you take aren’t the easiest either. You have to take a lot of anatomy and physiology, know every bone, muscle, and nerve and they work.† You’ll to prepare the client before the massage, which might include: applying heat, alcohol, lubricants, salt, or other rubbing compounds. Of course the massage therapist will massage the client using kneading, rubbing, and/or stroking movements. You also need to know different types of diseases and skin irritation s because if they have a certain kind of disease you can’t treat them. But there are also many types of massage or therapy that they might do. This includes Hydrotherapy, Swedish massage, Sports massage, Shiatsu, Trager, Hellerwork, Polarity, Reflexology, Acupressure, Rolfing, and many more. Other than a manual massage they might also use mechanical or electrical machines as well.

Recreation and Wellness Intranet Project Essay

Need to reduce internal costs. MYH, Inc. pays 20% more on healthcare premiums than the industrial average. This project would save $30 per employee per year for the next four years. Employees will benefit from the company sponsored recreational programs. Healhcare Coverage costs Business Model This will reduce internal cost by allowing business modeling of various scenarios as well as tracking past employee expenses. This project would save $20 per employee per year for the next four years and cost about $100,000 to develop. This will help revise policies and help negotiate for lower premiums. Cross-selling System This project will increase sales to current customers. This project will increase profits by $1 million for the next three years. Development and maintenance cost each year is $800,000 This project develops an application to improve cross-selling to current customers when purchasing multiple products/services. Web Enhanced Communication System This project will increase sales to current customers. Will save the company $2 million for the next three years. It will cost $3 million to develop and 20% a year to maintain. Web-based application that will improve development and delivery of products and services. Recreation and Wellness Intranet Project allows employees to register for company-based programs and classes, such as soccer, bowling, jogging, walking, and other sports. This project also allows the employees and employers to track data on the recreational and health management programs.  This will offer incentives for people to join the programs and do well in them. this in return will help to negotiate a lower insurance premium. Health Coverage Costs Business Model Is an application that tracks employees health care expenses and company health care costs. This application allows business modeling of various scenarios as well as tracking and analyzing current and past employee healthcare expenses and company healthcare costs. Cross-Selling System helps improve cross-selling to current customers. The current sales management has separate sections for major products/services categories and different sales based on these products and services sales to the current customers by providing the customer with discounts when purchasing multiple products. Web-Enhanced Communications System is a web-based application to improve development and delivery of products and services. These are currently several incompatible systems related to the development and delivery of products and services. This application allows customers and suppliers to provide suggestions, enter orders, view the status and history of orders. 1.0 Introduction/ Background Manage Your Health, Inc. (MYH) is a Fortune 500 company that provides a variety of healthcare services across the globe. 2.0 Business Objective MYH recently updated its strategic plan, and key goals include reducing internal cost, increasing cross-selling of products, and exploiting new Web-based technologies to help employees, customers, and suppliers work together to improve the development and delivery of health care products and services. 3.0 Current Situation and Problem/Opportunity Statement A recent study found that MYH, Inc. pays 20 percent more than the industry average for employee health care premiums, primarily due to the poor health of its employees. By developing a program to help employee wellness and track employee involvement and progress. This would also offer incentives for employees that join and do well. 4.0 Critical Assumption and Constraints Recreation and Wellness Intranet Project would organize current services and provide easy access to new services. The new system will run on existing hardware and software and will be easily accessible by employees. 5.0 Analysis of Option and Recommendation There are three options for addressing this opportunity: 1. Do nothing. We can continue to operate without the new project 2. Design and implement the new intranet capabilities in-house using existing hardware and software. 3. Require employees to pay a higher rate for insurance. Based on discussions with stakeholders, we believe that option 2 is the best option. 6.0 Preliminary Project Requirements The main feature of the Recreation and Wellness site includes the following: 1. Allow employees to register for company-sponsored recreational programs. 2. Allow employees to register for company classes and programs. 3. Track data and progress of employee involvement in these programs. 4. Offer incentives for employees to join the programs. 7.0 Budget Estimate and Financial Analysis The estimated costs for the project is $200,000 based on the cost to develop the new system. Maintenance costs of $50,000 to update the information and changes. Reducing the insurance cost per employee by $30 each year for four years. Project benefits are about $600,000 per year for four years. 8.0 Schedule Estimate Project completion within six months and the new system will have a lifespan of at least four years. 9.0 Potential Risks Lack of interest in the new system by employees which will hinder lower insurance premiums. putting money in the project and unable to recoup the  costs.

Ivan the Terrible

Candice Ivan IV, Tsar of Russia is better known as Ivan the terrible. In the following paragraphs I will depict major events in his life and the role he played in Russia. I will also exhibit the many positive things that he did. As well as the negative things that he did to Russian society during his reign of thirty-seven years. I will debate the fact that Ivan IV was nick named Ivan the terrible. Ivan IV, Tsar of Russia is better known as Ivan the terrible. In the following paragraphs I will depict major events in his life and the role he played in Russia. I will also exhibit the many positive things that he did. As well as the negative things that he did to Russian society during his reign of thirty-seven years. I will debate the fact that Ivan IV was nick named Ivan the terrible. Ivan IV was born on August 25, 1530, in Moscow. He was the son of Vasily III, the grand duke of Moscow, who died when Ivan was just three years old. His mother Yelena Glinskaya who was from a leading noble family established a regency, which soon became nothing but corruption and wild violence as rival families feuded the dominance of the Ginskaya family. After Yelena Glinkaya died in 1538 the misrule continued after that. Ivan was crowned in 1547, but not as grand duke but as a tsar. In the same year he married Anastasia Romonov. Anastasia died on 1560, and Ivan remarried many times. Ivan died March 18,1584. Ivan IV made many positive attributes. From the year 1547-1560 are considered to be the really productive period of Ivan’s reign. During this period Ivan appointed an advisory council. Ivan also founded a national assembly in 1549, and enacted reforms in the local government . He also drew up a new law code in 1550. He also regulated the responsibilities and jobs of the aristocracy. Expansion of Russia eastward also started during this period. And finally trading began with the English, Dutch, and the French. Ivan IV made many negative attributes as well. In 1560 when Anastasia died marked the end of Ivan’s productive period. Ivan IV was increasingly powerful and he turned against his advisors, because he was convinced that they had caused her death, backed by rival Nobel families. Ivan threatened to abdicate unless the nobles were punished. Ivan left Moscow in 1564, and settled in a village called Aleksandrovsk. The confused people of Moscow begged Ivan to return . Ivan eventually returned to Moscow under two conditions. First, he had to have the right to punish traitors, executing them necessary and keeping their stuff. Secondly, he had a political and territorial subdivision called â€Å"the oprichnia† was to be established, and managed completely under the tsar. Ivan IV also known as Ivan the terrible. Ivan the terrible led a very eventful life. Ivan had many negative attributes. As well as positive attributes. If you put things in perspective all of these things balance off. So was Ivan IV really terrible? , you be the judge.

Journey to Christianity Essay

The preference for a religion or any sense of spirituality is a personal choice and digression. The option either not to actively participate in one’s religion’s rituals, traditions, and customs or do the otherwise, maybe even stay neutral, is still of personal consideration. Nothing or no one can truly and essentially mediate with these affairs unless allowed to do so by the said practitioner of beliefs and doer of such saintly conviction. For me, Christianity has been the choice of religion, and the personal spirituality gained from trusting it brings one’s mind, soul, and spirit in truly an almost enlightened state. Truth is every religion’s destination point and the journey to and through Christianity is one which continues and grows with each passing day. Journey to Christianity The discernment on religion and spirituality is one of the greater existential and even transcendental issues of human existence. Moreover, the concept of a greater being, or sometimes even beings, have been constructed into almost gloriously confusing and still remarkably mysterious belief systems which seemingly condemn the evil and venerate the good. But one thing holds true, pure, and private, no matter what: every individual is given that personal right to choose whatever it is that he or she wants to believe in or not—to condemn and venerate, or not. Christianity, a monotheistic faith, centers on strong belief system which only holds a One Higher and Greater Being to be God and His Son, Jesus Christ the Messiah—the Chosen One who stands as the prophesized-man’s key to salvation. All certainty, knowledge, and wisdom are believed written in the Holy Bible, which content is also believed to be beyond contestation. But before everything else is settled in both my religious and spiritual points of view, the journey is one which should continue and develop day by day by day. My journey began as a child. Like mostly everybody else, any form of belief, opinion and sense of culture begins at home and in school. As I did remember, it was in a simple arithmetic math class and a church sermon that I tried to make the correlations in between. I tried to make sense of things in such an early age. In class, we did simple arithmetic exercises which tested our accuracy in basic addition and subtraction. Then, as I remembered the weekend before, the priest from the church had mentioned the concept of the Triune God (Father, Son and Holy Ghost) — this snatched my attention from the class’s activities and carried on through the rest of the day. I thought to myself, how could three things be formed into one, if by plain law of mathematics one plus one equals two, then it also suggest that one plus one plus one cannot equate to one? In some way, even at an early age, I thought of things this way and looked for the interconnectivity among things, people, and events. Such matters stimulated my own process of trying to better learn the how’s and why’s of Christianity, and moreover about life and everything else in it. I tried my best not to accept everything as there are and were — this was my journey’s most definitive moment, for it spurred the essence of life—to search for something greater, to live with purpose and meaning. Such interest and zest carried on as years passed; it was a quest. A series of continuing investigations within myself, things around me, and with the people I knew, know, and came to know all played crucial roles in my own discernment of deity, concept a of Greater being, and everything else in between. Understanding the way they thought and perceived life contributed in my own personal process of thinking, in my decision making developments, and in my belief in both the earthly and divine elements. But amidst the enduring efforts, there was a gap which would never be answered, and the notion of not knowing would only be the somewhat and only agonizing conclusion. Even considering the long, comprehensive history of man and life and of various disciplines and sciences as only part of one speck in the whole universe, there is no way of actually and absolutely finding out the truth about God and all else that comes with it. Hence, there is faith. Faith is that intangible emotion of believing in something, someone—despite and in spite of all and any circumstance. This is the very essence of Christianity to accept as true—to love and to be a believer amidst temptation, sin, and what is wrong. Even though, at the end of it all, it is still a matter of personal choice, I chose Christianity because this is what fills and completes the gaps between my philosophical and spiritual trenches. No matter how far I would begin to discern, whether or not there is a God, whether or not there is salvation, it all brings me back to faith. All its teachings serve as a guide. All its lessons serve as a channel of reference. The journey to and through Christianity is one which has not been concluded, for it must be a long lasting process. Only in its conclusion will one find truth.

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and Walt Disney Company

In organizations where there seems to be an increasing focus on unethical behavior within public companies from senior managers, it is vital that organizations establish policies and processes to ensure that it is complying with the rules and regulations put in place by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Walt Disney Company is able to meet its reporting requirements for the Security and Exchange Commission by using the following resources. The availability of technology, internal disclosure controls, internal controls over financial reporting, and independent accounting auditors who verify that these controls are in place and working as intended. The SEC requires that Disney posts all Interactive Data Files. These files are required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months. Viewing the Investor Relations tab of The Walt Disney Company corporate website shows that historical SEC filings are listed by category for a variety of required reports, including forms 10-K, 10-Q, 8-K, 11-K, S-8, 425, S-4, and proxy statements. Disney uses internal disclosure controls by their policy that all SEC filings be signed by a senior member of the management. These people are President, CFO, Managing VP and Internal Counsel helps ensure that the filings are correct, comply with reporting requirements, and are communicated to the other stakeholders in the management of Disney. These are Board of Directors and other Senior Members of the management team. In an era where CEOs and CFOs are continually being called before US Congress to testify on the financial situation within their firms, this policy adds a layer of accountability to senior management. Internal Controls over Financial Reporting. Company management explicitly acknowledges their accountability for being able to create accurate, reliable, sufficiently detailed, and timely external financial reports Independent Accounting Auditors. Disney makes use of PricewaterhouseCoopers as an independent auditing firm to provide a third party analysis of their internal controls over financial reporting. In addition, PricewaterhouseCoopers’ own report to the Board of Directors and Shareholders of The Walt Disney Company is included in the Annual Report and discusses the process by which Disney’s internal controls over financial reporting are tested and audited to provide a reasonable level of assurance that the controls are working and that external financial reports are being reported based on generally accepted accounting principles as required by U. S. Law. By following all of the procedures that Disney has put into place they can be positive that they are following the SEC rules and regulations.

Fords Profitability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fords Profitability - Essay Example The research work will help in giving an explanation on why the company is making 24 billion in losses. A competitive advantage may be created in producing similar products to Toyotas’ models with lower costs. The output produced should be according to what the consumers need, and not according to what it is used to producing (Close, 2012). They can completely change the company strategies and structure on how it carries out its operational activities. This can be achieved by changing the objectives, target and mission statements of the company. Introduction of process engineering skills, tight cost control and reports that are more frequent. The management should be able to give the company a new purpose and direction, by motivating the workers, and improving the culture of the organization (Canary, 2012). In extreme circumstances, the firm may also consider taking action on the management structure by considering the option of reducing on the number of employees both in the management level and in the operational levels. This will act as a direct way of reducing on the production and operational

Alexander The Great Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alexander The Great - Research Paper Example The reason for the choice of Alexander the great is the success that he achieved during his reign which in incomparably to any other king in the ancient history, he is also considered a genius of all the time in military because he was able to conquer the Persian empire which was the strongest empire in both his father’s days and his and his conquer was the fulfillment of his father’s dream who died before accomplishing it. In addition to this attributed Alexander the Great was the inspiration of many other kings who came after him in the entire ancient Greece history and the Roman Empire which was later to be, the kings and emperors include Hannibal the Carthaginian and for the Romans are Napoleon, Caesar and Pompey (Tritle 102). Alexander the great was born in 356BC in Pella the capital Macedonia. His father Philip 11 was then the king of Macedonia; during his early life he witnessed his father accomplishing a strong military power in Macedonia having win victory in m any of the battle fields. His father hired Aristotle one of the great Greek philosophers to be the teacher of the young Alexander, Aristotle for his teachings provided Alexander with extensive knowledge on literature, philosophy, science and medicine developing high interest and Aristotle teachings became important in his future life as the king of Macedonia. At the age of 16 Alexander was delegated the authority to rule Macedonia by his father as he was to war to conquer Thrace, this was an indication of his capabilities of strong leadership at such a younger age. Alexander showed his military capabilities at his younger age when his father away he led an army to counter the Thracian tribe of Maedi and he was able to capture its stronghold and named it Alexandropolis and by 338BC Alexander the Great had risen having a commanding post and also ranked among the senior generals in the Macedonian army (Tritle 102). His father was assassinated in 336BC and Alexander took over the throne from his father. He took over a well established army from his father and he was crown the overall military general in Greece and it was now his time to accomplish his father’s military expansions before he died. Soon after ascending into power Alexander the great fought many battles in which he was able to suppress most of its enemies and finally conquering the Persian Empire (Tritle 102). Accomplishments of Alexander the Great Suppression of the Thracian, Illyrian and the Greek rebellions Alexander once he ascended into power suppressing the Thracian, Illyrian and the Greek rebellions which previously had constantly been a major threat the Greece Macedonian rule. His father had successfully conquered some of these territories but a lot was yet to be conquered to guarantee total control and suppression, all of the domestic enemies were suppressed by way of execution (Heckel 76). These domestic rebellions broke up after Philips death and the Thracians, Illyrians and the Gree ks who were in the northern Greece sought for independence. Alexander responded swiftly by suppressing all of the rebellions and after restoring the Macedonian rule in northern Greece he had the great task ahead in the

Medieval Roman Catholic Traditions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medieval Roman Catholic Traditions - Essay Example Among the traditions that were indoctrinated include the establishment of purgatory as a physical place, the usage of Latin in prayer and worship, the Marian practices and the usage of the Rosary, the establishment of the Papacy and its powers, the veneration and canonization of saints, the dogma of transubstantiation, the confession of sin to the priest, the usage of the scapular among many other things.2 These Traditions cannot be traced back to the Bible, but they are accepted by the Catholic Church to be true and infallible. The doctrine of purgatory was introduced by Gregory the Great in 593. He established a connection between earthly penance and purification after death; that is, those who are alive can pray and purify those who are dead and in purgatory. However, only venial sins can be purified when in purgatory, while mortal sins cannot. This belief has remained constant and in its line of thought, the All Souls day was established on the 10th Century where people who are alive remember the dead and celebrate Mass in their honor for their salvation.3 The Papacy was established quite solidly in the 6th Century, around the year 610, by Gregory I and later by Boniface III. The leaders of the Church before 610 did not have supreme authority over all the Christian communities. Most of them were killed together with their congregations, and they spent most of their time debating on theological matters with other bishops. In 709, the kissing of the feet of the Pope was indoctrinated. The infallibility of the Pope was established almost a thousand years late in the 1870’s. The resignation of Pope Benedict XVI is special in that most popes die while in office and it is not common for a Pope to resign (.4 The duration between the last resignation of the Pope and the one in 2013 is almost 600 years. Popes only resign if they are of poor health and unable to offer

Bitts case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Bitts case study - Essay Example A lack of motivation will make employees lethargic and careless while a presence of motivation will present them as energetic and full of verve. Responsibilities: While every individual connected to a company or organization has certain benefits which s/he derives from working for the company, there is also a set of responsibilities which the individual has towards the company. Responsibilities change depending on how and where a person is placed within a company but certain responsibilities like loyalty, following company norms and going by the rules of the company are expected to be followed by all members connected to the company. Theory X and Theory Y: These are two management styles which were given by Douglas McGregor as a part of his discourse on management. Theory X of management assumes that people dislike work and must be controlled by strong means if they are to remain productive. Further, people need direction and not independence while they work. Theory Y is the complete opposite of this since it suggests that people are naturally inclined towards work as they are towards play and rest. Additionally, people find satisfaction in work and will use imagination, creativity and their personal skills to solve work related problems if they are allowed to work as they please (NetMBA, 2005). There are several problems which are being faced by Bitts of which the primary problems are said to be; the lack of communications between directors, the management style being followed, the coming changes in the company/industry, and the HR related problems of the company. With effective communications and following the correct decisions outlined in the recommendations section, the company and the directors can expect to pull out of the spot they are in presently. Of the recommendations, the first is a change of style closer to Theory Y, the

Constructivism in International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Constructivism in International Relations - Essay Example The constructivist theory encourages that students be provided with inquiry-based learning activities as well as problem solving activities where students are able to formulate and test their ideas , draw their conclusions as well as inferences and convey their acquired knowledge in a collaborative learning environment. Constructivism changes the student from an inactive recipient of information to an active partaker in the learning process. Learners will be continually trying to obtain their personal mental model of the actual world from their views of that world. Learners keep updating their own personal mental models to mirror the new acquired information which eventually enables them to create their own understanding of the reality. It is crucial that we create good learning environments that students will use as their platforms to be able to create new knowledge and experiences and these environments are referred to as Constructivist learning environments. This theory is importa nt for the study of international relations since it facilitates learning new information and adapting to change which is very common while relating with other countries internationally. A basic principle of the constructivist social theory is that people take action toward items or entities, on the foundation of the meanings that those entities or items have for them. In international relations for example, various states act differently towards their enemies because they are a threat to them while they also act differently. towards their friends who are an input to their states. Learning how to deal and adapt to various situations that a state is exposed to is thus very important and that is well implemented through the use of constructivist theory in learning International relations. Institutionalization refers to the process of internalizing new interests as well as identities which are occurring within their environment and affecting their behaviors. Example: UNESCO officials d eclared that science policymaking is essential and good; there was however no stern attempt to attest how true that was: "States should make it their business" to coordinate and direct science or, "The development of science policy should be the responsibility of an organization at the highest level of government in the country. Also "the Science Policy Programme of UNESCO is formulated on the basis of the principle that the planning of science policy is indispensable" for the promotion as well as coordination of scientific research. These statements are not attached with any evidence that such practical entities improve science competence. Science has a